Monday, June 20, 2011

Chapter 27: Literary Lessons

Chapter 27 - Literary Lessons


Fortune suddenly smiled upon Jo, and dropped a good luck penny in her path. Not a golden penny, exactly, but I doubt if half a million would have given more real happiness then did the little sum that came to her in this wise.

Every few weeks she would shut herself up in her room, put on her scribbling suit, and 'fall into a vortex', as she expressed it, writing away at her novel with all her heart and soul, for till that was finished she could find no peace. Her 'scribbling suit' consisted of a black woolen pinafore on which she could wipe her pen at will, and a cap of the same material, adorned with a cheerful red bow, into which she bundled her hair when the decks were cleared for action. This cap was a beacon to the inquiring eyes of her family, who during these periods kept their distance, merely popping in their heads semi-occasionally to ask, with interest, "Does genius burn, Jo?" They did not always venture even to ask this question, but took an observation of the cap, and judged accordingly. If this expressive article of dress was drawn low upon the forehead, it was a sign that hard work was going on, in exciting moments it was pushed rakishly askew, and when despair seized the author it was plucked wholly off, and cast upon the floor. At such times the intruder silently withdrew, and not until the red bow was seen gaily erect upon the gifted brow, did anyone dare address Jo.

She did not think herself a genius by any means, but when the writing fit came on, she gave herself up to it with entire abandon, and led a blissful life, unconscious of want, care, or bad weather, while she sat safe and happy in an imaginary world, full of friends almost as real and dear to her as any in the flesh. Sleep forsook her eyes, meals stood untasted, day and night were all too short to enjoy the happiness which blessed her only at such times, and made these hours worth living, even if they bore no other fruit. The devine afflatus usually lasted a week or two, and then she emerged from her 'vortex', hungry, sleepy, cross, or despondent.

She was just recovering from one of these attacks when she was prevailed upon to escort Miss Crocker to a lecture, and in return for her virtue was rewarded with a new idea. It was a People's Course, the lecture on the Pyramids, and Jo rather wondered at the choice of such a subject for such an audience, but took it for granted that some great social evil would be remedied or some great want supplied by unfolding the glories of the Pharaohs to an audience whose thoughts were busy with the price of coal and flour, and whose lives were spent in trying to solve harder riddles than that of the Sphinx.

They were early, and while Miss Crocker set the heel of her stocking, Jo amused herself by examining the faces of the people who occupied the seat with them. On her left were two matrons, with massive foreheads and bonnets to match, discussing Women's Rights and making tatting. Beyond sat a pair of humble lovers, artlessly holding each other by the hand, a somber spinster eating peppermints out of a paper bag, and an old gentleman taking his preparatory nap behind a yellow bandanna. On her right, her only neighbor was a studious looking lad absorbed in a newspaper.

It was a pictorial sheet, and Jo examined the work of art nearest her, idly wondering what fortuitous concatenation of circumstances needed the melodramatic illustration of an Indian in full war costume, tumbling over a precipice with a wolf at his throat, while two infuriated young gentlemen, with unnaturally small feet and big eyes, were stabbing each other close by, and a disheveled female was flying away in the background with her mouth wide open. Pausing to turn a page, the lad saw her looking and, with boyish good nature offered half his paper, saying bluntly, "want to read it? That's a first-rate story."

Jo accepted it with a smile, for she had never outgrown her liking for lads, and soon found herself involved in the usual labyrinth of love, mystery, and murder, for the story belonged to that class of light literature in which the passions have a holiday, and when the author's invention fails, a grand catastrophe clears the stage of one half the dramatis personae, leaving the other half to exult over their downfall.

"Prime, isn't it?" asked the boy, as her eye went down the last paragraph of her portion.

"I think you and I could do as well as that if we tried," returned Jo, amused at his admiration of the trash.

"I should think I was a pretty lucky chap if I could. She makes a good living out of such stories, they say." and he pointed to the name of Mrs. S.L.A.N.G. Northbury, under the title of the tale.

"Do you know her?" asked Jo, with sudden interest.

"No, but I read all her pieces, and I know a fellow who works in the office where this paper is printed."

"Do you say she makes a good living out of stories like this?" and Jo looked more respectfully at the agitated group and thickly sprinkled exclamation points that adorned the page.

"Guess she does! She knows just what folks like, and gets paid well for writing it."

Here the lecture began, but Jo heard very little of it, for while Professor Sands was prosing away about Belzoni, Cheops, scarabei, and hieroglyphics, she was covertly taking down the address of the paper, and boldly resolving to try for the hundred-dollar prize offered in its columns for a sensational story. By the time the lecture ended and the audience awoke, she had built up a splendid fortune for herself (not the first founded on paper), and was already deep in the concoction of her story, being unable to decide whether the duel should come before the elopement or after the murder.

She said nothing of her plan at home, but fell to work next day, much to the disquiet of her mother, who always looked a little anxious when 'genius took to burning'. Jo had never tried this style before, contenting herself with very mild romances for The Spread Eagle. Her experience and miscellaneous reading were of service now, for they gave her some idea of dramatic effect, and supplied plot, language, and costumes. Her story was as full of desperation and despair as her limited acquaintance with those uncomfortable emotions enabled her to make it, and having located it in Lisbon, she wound up with an earthquake, as a striking and appropriate denouement. The manuscript was privately dispatched, accompanied by a note, modestly saying that if the tale didn't get the prize, which the writer hardly dared expect, she would be very glad to receive any sum it might be considered worth.

Six weeks is a long time to wait, and a still longer time for a girl to keep a secret, but Jo did both, and was just beginning to give up all hope of ever seeing her manuscript again, when a letter arrived which almost took her breath away, for on opening it, a check for a hundred dollars fell into her lap. For a minute she stared at it as if it had been a snake, then she read her letter and began to cry. If the amiable gentleman who wrote that kindly note could have known what intense happiness he was giving a fellow creature, I think he would devote his leisure hours, if he has any, to that amusement, for Jo valued the letter more than the money, because it was encouraging, and after years of effort it was so pleasant to find that she had learned to do something, though it was only to write a sensation story.

A prouder young woman was seldom seen than she, when, having composed herself, she electrified the family by appearing before them with the letter in one hand, the check in the other, announcing that she had won the prize. Of course there was a great jubilee, and when the story came everyone read and praised it, though after her father had told her that the language was good, the romance fresh and hearty, and the tragedy quite thrilling, he shook his head, and said in his unworldly way . . .

"You can do better than this, Jo. Aim at the highest, and never mind the money."

"I think the money is the best part of it. What will you do with such a fortune?" asked Amy, regarding the magic slip of paper with a reverential eye.

"Send Beth and Mother to the seaside for a month or two," answered Jo promptly.

To the seaside they went, after much discussion, and though Beth didn't come home as plump and rosy as could be desired, she was much better, while Mrs. March declared she felt ten years younger. So Jo was satisfied with the investment of her prize money, and fell to work with a cheery spirit, bent on earning more of those delightful checks. She did earn several that year, and began to feel herself a power in the house, for by the magic of a pen, her 'rubbish' turned into comforts for them all. The Duke's Daughter paid the butcher's bill, A Phantom Hand put down a new carpet, and the Curse of the Coventrys proved the blessing of the Marches in the way of groceries and gowns.

Wealth is certainly a most desirable thing, but poverty has its sunny side, and one of the sweet uses of adversity is the genuine satisfaction which comes from hearty work of head or hand, and to the inspiration of necessity, we owe half the wise, beautiful, and useful blessings of the world. Jo enjoyed a taste of this satisfaction, and ceased to envy richer girls, taking great comfort in the knowledge that she could supply her own wants, and need ask no one for a penny.

Little notice was taken of her stories, but they found a market, and encouraged by this fact, she resolved to make a bold stroke for fame and fortune. Having copied her novel for the fourth time, read it to all her confidential friends, and submitted it with fear and trembling to three publishers, she at last disposed of it, on condition that she would cut it down one third, and omit all the parts which she particularly admired.

"Now I must either bundle it back in to my tin kitchen to mold, pay for printing it myself, or chop it up to suit purchasers and get what I can for it. Fame is a very good thing to have in the house, but cash is more convenient, so I wish to take the sense of the meeting on this important subject," said Jo, calling a family council.

"Don't spoil your book, my girl, for there is more in it than you know, and the idea is well worked out. Let it wait and ripen," was her father's advice, and he practiced what he preached, having waited patiently thirty years for fruit of his own to ripen, and being in no haste to gather it even now when it was sweet and mellow.

"It seems to me that Jo will profit more by taking the trial than by waiting," said Mrs. March. "Criticism is the best test of such work, for it will show her both unsuspected merits and faults, and help her to do better next time. We are too partial, but the praise and blame of outsiders will prove useful, even if she gets but little money."

"Yes," said Jo, knitting her brows, "that's just it. I've been fussing over the thing so long, I really don't know whether it's good, bad, or indifferent. It will be a great help to have cool, impartial persons take a look at it, and tell me what they think of it."

"I wouldn't leave a word out of it. You'll spoil it if you do, for the interest of the story is more in the minds than in the actions of the people, and it will be all a muddle if you don't explain as you go on," said Meg, who firmly believed that this book was the most remarkable novel ever written.

"But Mr. Allen says, 'Leave out the explanations, make it brief and dramatic, and let the characters tell the story'," interrupted Jo, turning to the publisher's note.

"Do as he tells you. He knows what will sell, and we don't. Make a good, popular book, and get as much money as you can. By-and-by, when you've got a name, you can afford to digress, and have philosophical and metaphysical people in your novels," said Amy, who took a strictly practical view of the subject.

"Well," said Jo, laughing, "if my people are 'philosophical and metaphysical', it isn't my fault, for I know nothing about such things, except what I hear father say, sometimes. If I've got some of his wise ideas jumbled up with my romance, so much the better for me. Now, Beth, what do you say?"

"I should so like to see it printed soon," was all Beth said, and smiled in saying it. But there was an unconscious emphasis on the last word, and a wistful look in the eyes that never lost their childlike candor, which chilled Jo's heart for a minute with a forboding fear, and decided her to make her little venture 'soon'.

So, with Spartan firmness, the young authoress laid her first-born on her table, and chopped it up as ruthlessly as any ogre. In the hope of pleasing everyone, she took everyone's advice, and like the old man and his donkey in the fable suited nobody.

Her father liked the metaphysical streak which had unconsciously got into it, so that was allowed to remain though she had her doubts about it. Her mother thought that there was a trifle too much description. Out, therefore it came, and with it many necessary links in the story. Meg admired the tragedy, so Jo piled up the agony to suit her, while Amy objected to the fun, and, with the best intentions in life, Jo quenched the spritly scenes which relieved the somber character of the story. Then, to complicate the ruin, she cut it down one third, and confidingly sent the poor little romance, like a picked robin, out into the big, busy world to try its fate.

Well, it was printed, and she got three hundred dollars for it, likewise plenty of praise and blame, both so much greater than she expected that she was thrown into a state of bewilderment from which it took her some time to recover.

"You said, Mother, that criticism would help me. But how can it, when it's so contradictory that I don't know whether I've written a promising book or broken all the ten commandments?" cried poor Jo, turning over a heap of notices, the perusal of which filled her with pride and joy one minute, wrath and dismay the next. "This man says, 'An exquisite book, full of truth, beauty, and earnestness.' 'All is sweet, pure, and healthy.'" continued the perplexed authoress. "The next, 'The theory of the book is bad, full of morbid fancies, spiritualistic ideas, and unnatural characters.' Now, as I had no theory of any kind, don't believe in Spiritualism, and copied my characters from life, I don't see how this critic can be right. Another says, 'It's one of the best American novels which has appeared for years.' (I know better than that), and the next asserts that 'Though it is original, and written with great force and feeling, it is a dangerous book.' 'Tisn't! Some make fun of it, some overpraise, and nearly all insist that I had a deep theory to expound, when I only wrote it for the pleasure and the money. I wish I'd printed the whole or not at all, for I do hate to be so misjudged."

Her family and friends administered comfort and commendation liberally. Yet it was a hard time for sensitive, high-spirited Jo, who meant so well and had apparently done so ill. But it did her good, for those whose opinion had real value gave her the criticism which is an author's best education, and when the first soreness was over, she could laugh at her poor little book, yet believe in it still, and feel herself the wiser and stronger for the buffeting she had received.

"Not being a genius, like Keats, it won't kill me," she said stoutly, "and I've got the joke on my side, after all, for the parts that were taken straight out of real life are denounced as impossible and absurd, and the scenes that I made up out of my own silly head are pronounced 'charmingly natural, tender, and true'. So I'll comfort myself with that, and when I'm ready, I'll up again and take another."

http://www.literature.org/authors/alcott-louisa-may/little-women/chapter-27.html

39 comments:

  1. “In the hope of pleasing everyone, she took everyone's advice, and like the old man and his donkey in the fable suited nobody.”

    As Jo opens her manuscript to the family’s criticism, she compares her end product to a well-known fable. The tale of the old man and his donkey is from Aesop’s Fables, a collection of fables dating back to the 5th century BC. There are doubts on the authorship of many of the Aesop fables, for some of the tales are found on Egyptian papyri that date between 800 and 1000 years before Aesop's time, but they are still attributed to him for having compiled the collection from existing fables (Aesop’s). Aesop's fables were not believed to have been written as children's literature, but rather that they were originally used to make disguised social and political criticisms and passed on by word of mouth. Fables are short stories that contain fanciful themes, appealing characters and demonstrate a specific moral or lesson at the end of each tale. Although they seem simple, these fables convey deeper truths about human life and character.
    The fable mentioned here involves an old man taking his donkey to the market. The old man first walks beside the donkey after taking some advice from travelers he had passed and then rides the donkey after accepting more counsel from other travelers. When finally it is suggested that he should carry his donkey, he does so, but only ends up drowning the poor beast when he crosses a bridge. (Aesop 24) The moral of the story being, try to please all and you will please none. In the redrafting of her first novel, Jo does try to please everyone. But with the new revisions and the cutting of a third of her novel, Jo, like the old man, pleased no one, least of all herself.

    *************************************************

    Alcott uses references to Aesop’s fables to further strengthen the March girls’ good moral upbringing. These fables remain as relevant today as they were centuries ago; they are a reminder of age old moral values and the importance of practicing virtue. Another Aesop fable referenced to in Little Women is the Jackdaw and the Doves. When Meg attends the party at Vanity Fair in Chapter 9, Alcott compares her to the Jackdaw, who, in the fable, borrows the doves’ plumage in an attempt at being selected as king of the birds, but then is exposed as a fraud. (Aesop’s) The moral of this timeless fable is to refrain from strutting about in other’s possessions, and instead live our lives in the clothes that suit us.
    Amanda Petronella

    Works Cited

    Aesop, Roger L'Estrange, and Stephen Gooden. “Fables”. New York: Knopf, 1992. Print.

    “Aesop’s Fables”. Aesop's-Fables org uk. Network Advertising. 2005. Web 08 July 2011.
    http://www.aesops-fables.org.uk/index.htm

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  2. Amanda,
    I’m embarrassed to admit that while I’ve heard of Aesop’s Fables, I have never actually read them. What you said about the morals still being true today hit home. Between work, school, church and family I always seem to be leaving something undone or someone unhappy. The harder I try the worse it is. When I had first read that passage in the book I just skimmed over it. Now that I have read your post, Jo’s analogy fits perfectly. When Jo took everyone else’s advice trying to make them happy she ended up being very unsatisfied with her work.
    Skyler Ishmael

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  3. This is the quote I researched: “In the hope of pleasing everyone, she took everyone's advice, and like the old man and his donkey in the fable suited nobody.” And I connected it to Aesop Fables in my blog.
    I then made this comment to Cristina Watson under Chapter 4, “Unfortunately, the old man and donkey fable from The Thousand and One Nights also contained a bull and had a different moral that I could not really fit into my quote.”
    I would like to retract this statement now. As I was discussing my schoolwork with my boyfriend, I realized that I had made a mistake. And I would like to connect this quote to a beast fable from The Thousand and One Nights.
    The beast fable is about a donkey that persuaded an ox to stop feeding and act sick in order to avoid working. Unfortunately for the donkey, the old man understood animal language and tricked the donkey by making him do the ox's work, so the donkey suffered while the ox had an easy life. Then the donkey informed the ox that the old man was going to put down the ox if he could not work anymore. The next morning comes, so the ox puffs out his chest and prances around, and he was put back to work.
    As the old man had heard each of the donkey and bull’s conversations, he had laughed. When his wife overheard him, she asked him why. He wouldn’t tell her for if he told his secret, he would die. His wife kept nagging, and the old man relented; he prepared to tell her and die. However, he overhears a rooster who says that the old man is foolish because he can't control one wife, while the rooster controls fifty wives. The rooster recommends that the man beat his wife until she stops nagging. And so he does.
    I was real caught up with the wife beating at the end of the story, and I did not think that Alcott would add this kind of beast fable into Little Women. But then it dawned on me that the moral of the fable is up to different interpretations. There was advice given throughout the whole story. So a possible moral of the story is that there is good and bad advice: one does not always have to take the advice given to them.
    I am going out on a limb trying to connect this beast fable with my quote, but in the tale, no one was really better for the advice given to them. The ox did not benefit from the advice he was given because his life was threatened, and then he had to go back to work anyways. The advice the old man took from the rooster did technically benefit him (because he learned family discipline??), but not really for his wife (I guess that is what she gets for nagging!) I still believe that the fable mentioned in the quote is from Aesop Fables, but it could be connected to The Thousand and One Nights. Alcott made references to both of these works more than once in Little Women.
    Amanda Petronella

    Ashliman, D. L. “The Bull, the Donkey, and the Husbandman”. The Language of Animals, 2008. Web. 12 July 2011.
    http://www.pitt.edu/~dash/type0670.html#nights

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  4. “Lives were spent trying to solve harder riddles than that of the Sphinx”


    Alcott is describing the mythical Greek beast, which was a demon of death, destruction, and bad luck. It was a female creature, sometimes depicted as a winged lion with a feminine head, and sometimes as a female with the breast, paws and claws of a lion, a snake tail and eagle’s wings. In ancient Assyrian myths, the sphinx usually appears as a guardian of temple entrances. She sat on a high rock near Thebes and posed a riddle to every passing traveler. The riddle was: “What animal is that which in the morning goes on four feet, at noon on two, and in the evening upon three?” The word ‘sphinx’ is derived from the Greek sphingo, which means, “to strangle”. The name is believed to come from the concept that a lion would kill their prey by strangulation by biting the throat and holding the victim down until it was dead. Those who could not solve the riddle were immediately strangled by the beast and swallowed (“The Origins Of The Greek And Egyptian Sphinx”). According to legend, Oedipus was the only one to escape with his answer “Man, who in childhood creeps on hands and knees, in manhood walks erect, and in old age with the aid of a staff.” The Sphinx was so mortified at the solving of her riddle that she cast herself down from the rock and perished (“Greek Mythology Sphinx”). Alcott most likely uses the riddles of the sphinx example to illustrate the hardships and turmoil of the underprivileged. The complex riddles of the sphinx are effortless compared to the intricate riddles of life for the working class.


    "Greek Mythology Sphinx." The Greek Gods. Web. 17 July 2011.

    "The Origins Of The Greek And Egyptian Sphinx." Free Articles Directory | Submit Articles - ArticlesBase.com. Yogananda Dif: Hindu Religion, 2006. Web. 17 July 2011.

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  5. “Falling into a Vortex”
    Alcott introduces this term in Little Women by describing Jo Marches absorbing focus on any attempted writing that she was about to undertake. Because of its autobiographical nature, it is evident that Louisa Alcott was referring to herself and her trance-like state when beginning her writings.
    There are several definitions of the word vortex. The American Heritage Dictionary defines the term as “A spiral motion of fluid, especially a whirling mass of water or air.” A second is “something regarded as drawing into its center all that surrounds it” suggestive of a black hole. Dictionary.com defines a vortex as “a state of affairs likened to a whirlpool for violent activity, and irresistible force.” This accurately describes Louisa’s state when she fell into “one of her all-absorbing periods of writing” (Reisen, 2).
    In the introduction to Moods by Sarah Elbert, an excerpt from Alcott’s journal describes in her own words her “falling into a vortex.” She explains how in her second attempt to “remodel” Moods, she sat writing for three weeks straight. She explains “I was so full of it I could not stop to get up.” Louisa’s mother made her a cap and wrap that she called a “glory cloak.” Her mother would bring her tea, but Louisa, not able to eat during this “vortex” caused her mother to worry. Her father “thought it fine” and brought the occasional apple for his “Pegasus.”
    Alcott described the birthing pains of her writings as “very pleasant and queer while it lasted, but after three weeks, she emerged shaky and malnourished and unable to sleep
    (Elbert 6).
    Reisen, Harriet, Louisa May Alcott, The Woman Behind Little Women. Henry Holt
    and Co. N.Y. 2010. Print.
    Alcott, Louisa. “American Women Writers,” Moods. Ed. Sarah Elbert. Fourth Edition. Rutgers University Press. N.Y. 1999. Print.
    Patricia Douthat

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  6. "'I think the money is the best part of it. What will you do with such a fortune?' asked Amy, regarding the magic slip of paper with a reverential eye.

    'Send Beth and Mother to the seaside for a month or two,' answered Jo promptly.

    To the seaside they went, after much discussion, and though Beth didn't come home as plump and rosy as could be desired, she was much better, while Mrs. March declared she felt ten years younger."

    Alcott, here, references the popular holistic medical trend of visiting the seaside. Jo, the benefactress of this particular trip, hopes that the seaside will restore Beth’s ailing health. A visit to the seaside could take ailing Victorians away from the pollution and stresses of city life, if only briefly, offering instead fresh air and warm sun. The seaside simply promoted a more relaxed atmosphere, requiring more relaxed clothing (surely a welcome change to constrictive Victorian fashions) and boasting the calming sounds and fragrances of the ocean. “The public,” historian Martin Stanton notes, “took to the new cure-all for ills and made for the coast, along with their medical advisers” (21).
    As such, seaside excursions became a common occurrence in Victorian literature. Charles Dickens’ Peggottys retreat to the seaside. In Charlotte Perkins Gillman’s The Yellow Wallpaper, the doctor/husband takes his wife to an “apartment” by the sea. In examining this trend, Stanton claims that “the seaside began to be viewed in a radically different way in the 1730s and 40s, admittedly, though, by a select few. Doctors, in particular, became interested in the curative properties of sea-water, and a number of treatises appeared on the subject…The sea was also supposedly beneficial in inducing states of supreme harmony” (21).

    Stanton, Martin. "Sea Bathing at Margate." History Today 33.7 (1983):21. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 18 July 2011.

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  7. Response to Breanna White:

    I just finished reading the Odyssey for another class and noted that the majority of the monsters/obstacles that Odysseus must face, such as the Scylla and the Sirens, are female, too. I suppose that I had learned that in my middle school readings of the text, but did not quite realize the significance of this pattern until now. Your post about the Sphinx coincided perfectly with this realization. It seems as though the Ancient Greeks found it easy to assign female identities to these beasts, indicating a disdain for femininity, almost a vagina dentata sort of association. These female monsters also tend to be full of trickery, unlike masculine monsters like the Cyclops, who relies on brute force.

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  8. “labyrinth of love”
    Sig Lonegren defines a labyrinth as being sacred geometry. The use of a handful of ratios to create forms that help the seeker to resonate properly to achieve their desired spiritual goal. His use of spiritual goal shows that labyrinths are more than just a fancy add-on to a person’s garden. While a labyrinth is a single path and considered a tool for personal, psychological and spiritual transformation, they are also thought to be a way to enhance right brain activity. Some labyrinths are considered similar to mazes; a maze can have more than one entrance and many choices along the way. The walls are usually high to block one from seeing the way out. It is used to enhance the left brain. The use of labyrinth that Allcot uses is to show the way love has many different paths. You might choose to head one way and produce a certain outcome, while taking a different path could lead to a completely different result. Choices could include the person you love, how you love and what the love consist of. Love is most worldwide known as something experience between two people. A connection that can involve physically and emotional involvement between those involved. The path to developing that love could easily be considered a labyrinth of choices that a person must make to get to a desired outcome.
    The labyrinth society. (2011). Retrieved from http://labyrinthsociety.org/

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  9. In Response to Breanna white:

    I remember reading this and pondering on it for a few minutes before moving on so thank you for picking this quote to annotate . I also thought Alcott was referring to the riddles and hardships of life in the working class. In response to Jaquetta Shade’s response I also find it interesting that there are lots of mythical beasts that are female and that they seem to be more vicious and malicious in their trickery that leads to death, and male creature do seem to rely more on brute force. There are the mermaids that are unlucky omens that foretell disaster and cause it. The banshee is also a death omen as well as the succubus that lead men to their death by draining their health and life through sex. There are many more female based mythical creatures in ancient lore. These are most likely made up to explain the death of sailors, unexplained deaths, and infidelity. I think it is very interesting for Alcott to include the Sphinx’s riddle in this novel but it does get the point across while making you think.

    Haley Skiles

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  10. "Now, as I had no theory of any kind, don't believe in Spiritualism..."

    In the 1860's the new form of Spiritualism was a common adventure for people and their religion. Spiritualism is well-known for the dual life created through the human body and its spirit. People who were into learning and forming their opinions around Spiritualism, strongly felt the need to communicate with the dead through mediums. As the Fox sisters, Margaret, Leah and Kate, were supposedly strong mediums of the time, they felt certain mysterious noises were being heard in their house, so they decided to connect with them. As Spiritualism in their household became more popular, in 1885 it began to die, and their secret of not truly being mediums was unveiled by Kate. The idea of Spiritualism is to give all faith over to your spiritual self and leave your earthly body to fare for itself; in turn your life after death will be your soul rising up to a spirit world that you have earned. Those who have acted poorly one earth will be found in dark places with no happiness. With taking all these elements into consideration to Alcott's reference to Spiritualism, one can see how Jo did not believe in such things, especially when it comes to criticism on her novel. Her family's faith was formed around God-like desires and attitudes, which went against the values of Spiritualism and its after-life. With Alcott's mention of negativity towards Spiritualism it shows, in this specific scene, that although some people gave harsh negativity towards Jo's novel, the "truth" may be false, just like the Fox sisters.

    Works Cited

    1849, November. "THE FOX SISTERS - FOUNDERS OF THE SPIRITUALIST MOVEMENT." AMERICAN HAUNTINGS: WHERE DEAD MEN STILL TELL TALES. Troy Taylor. Web. 19 July 2011. .

    Kazlav, M. Allan. "Spiritualism." Kheper - Metamorphosis and Evolution. 13 May 2000. Web. 19 July 2011. .

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  11. Response to Jacquetta's post

    Going to the sea can aid greatly in any sort of recuperating process. Thi vast entity serves as a cathartic remedy for all the senses. Beth was not only sick physically but was mentally affected by her prolonged illness. The ebb and flow of the tide can lull the senses and bring peace to any disconcerting soul with its rhythmic dance. The sea air that breathes on those surrounding it stings the face and fills the air with the briny smells of the sea. And the spectacular sight of the sun sleepily setting on the sea's horizon is one that burns in my mind forever. This is life by the sea...which can also set the stage for whatever an author is beckoning. In Little Women, the therapeutic nature of the ocean was demanded, whereas in the 2008 BBC version of Persuasion, the regretful tone of the novel was demonstrated by the restless seas n iwhich the characters frequently strolled by. The Victorians may have rediscovered the natural cures of the sea but this remedy has always been around and is evident today by the flocks of people returning to it continually. Having had first hand experience living by the ocean, I can truly say there is nothing like it. My grandfather owned a house right on the ocean called Sea Spray and the calming effect it had especially at night was better than any sleeping pill one could ever swallow.

    Patricia Douthat 19, July 19, 2011

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  12. "Not being a genius, like Keats, it won't kill me," . . .
    - says Jo March in line 1, last paragraph in Chapter 27 of Louisa May Alcott’s Little Women. Jo speaks these words in reaction to the mixed reviews her book has received. She is discombobulated for “she got three hundred dollars for it, likewise plenty of praise and blame, both so much greater than she expected that she was thrown into a state of bewilderment from which it took her some time to recover. However she reassures herself by comparing herself to the great Romantic poet John Keats, who, according to some sources, did die from the negative criticism his work generated.
    Ford cites another famous Romantic poet, Lord Byron, whose famous line “John Keats, who was killed off by one critique …” (Ford 3) led on to his pointed comment on Keats’ vulnerability in these lines: “’Tis strange the mind, that very fiery particle, / Should let itself be snuffed out by an article” in his poem Don Juan, Canto xi (Ford 4). Keats of course did not die of a broken heart from bad reviews; he died of consumption (tuberculosis) as did his brother Tom. However, this public opinion persisted, perhaps more so, because Keats passed away at such a young age.
    John Keats died at age 26: William Wordsworth may well have written of him these words “only the good die young”. However, in this too brief a life he produced an enormous treasure trove of literature which has not only been influential during his lifetime, but continues to resonate today with those who love richness of poetry and the deep sensory images that words can invoke as well as evoke. Ford shows his influence on poets such as Tennyson, Matthew Arnold, and Swinburne, and others. Tennyson could “appreciate the fact that here was a poet with an immense vocabulary of 8700 words . . .” who “looked on fine phrases like a lover” (Ford 27). This facility with words is what makes Keats so memorable. One can visualize the rounded beauty of a pink peony in “Or on the wealth of globèd peonies. . .” (Norton 847) ; see the beauty of the Fall season as he speaks of the “Season of mists and mellow fruitfulness” (Norton 849); and the fear of young talent at approaching death in “When I have fears I may cease to be/ Before my pen has gleaned my teeming brain. . .” The most memorable of Keats words for me are from “Ode to a Grecian Urn” - “Beauty is truth, truth beauty . . .” (Norton 849), which is very similar to the Indian saying “Satyam, Shivam, Sunderam”; that is, Truth =Shiva (strength)=Beauty.
    Jo March, who herself has a deep and abiding love of words evidently admires Keats but is also subscribing to the view that he was weak enough to die as a result of negative criticism of his work.
    Works cited:
    Ford, George H. Keats and the Victorians: A Study of His Influence and Rise to Fame, 1821-1895. New Haven: Yale UP, 1944. Print.
    Norton Anthology of Poetry, The. New York: W. W. Norton & Co; 1970. Print.

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  13. "women's rights"

    During Louisa May Alcott’s lifetime a woman’s place in society and her rights as an individual under the law were significantly impacted by the Women’s Rights movement. Prior to legislative changes brought on by the unified pressure of the Women’s Rights movement an American woman could not vote (Stanton 71), had no right to her own property or person after she married(Stanton 71), and was severely disadvantaged in the event of divorce or separation (Stanton 72). Moreover, women were “denied…the facilities for obtaining a thorough education” (Stanton 72), could not minister in the church (Stanton 72), and were “compelled to promise obedience to her husband…the law giving him power to deprive her of her liberty, and to administer chastisement” (Stanton 71).
    In 1848 a “Declaration of Sentiments” was drafted and ratified in Seneca Falls, NY, and spelled out what the Woman’s Rights Convention believed to be the main grievances committed by society against women (“Detailed Timeline”). The overall sentiment of the Seneca Falls committee and the Women’s Rights movement throughout the mid to late 1800s was that “the history of mankind is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations on the part of man toward woman” (Stanton 71) and that it was now time for women to “demand the equal station to which they are entitled” (Stanton 71). Even with the new wave of support, the changes called for by the Women’s Rights movement did not happen quickly. Many of the advised changes took decades to occur. Women did not obtain universal suffrage in the United States until the 1920s and did not obtain a legal right to equal treatment by employers until the 1960s (“Detailed Timeline”).

    Works Cited

    "Detailed Timeline." Living the Legacy 1848-1998. National Women's History Project. Web. 20 July 2011.

    Stanton, Elizabeth Cady. History of Woman Suffrage. New York: Fowler and Wells, 1881. Web

    Alexandria Mayfield

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  15. Christine McGathy
    Dr. Strong
    ENGL 4913
    21 July 2011
    The Luck of the Penny
    In chapter 27 of Louisa May Alcott’s Little Women, what is meant by “Fortune suddenly smiled upon Jo, and dropped a good luck penny in her path?” Everyone knows the saying, “find a penny, pick it up, and all day long you’ll have good luck,” but why is it believed that pennies are good luck? They are not worth much so why stop and pick up a penny? Well, there is a long history behind pennies and the superstitions luck they are supposed to hold. It all goes back to when the precious metals were created and an old saying was changed.
    When metals, like copper, were found they were believed to be a gift from the gods, given to people so they could protect themselves against evil; this eventually turned into a ritual for people (Brackman). They believed that metals would bring them luck (Brackman). The saying, “Find a penny, pick it up and all day long you’ll have good luck.” Actually came from the saying, “Find a pin, pick it up and all day long you’ll have good luck.” Penny just replaced pin in the old rhyme, to become what we know today.
    As for pennies bringing good luck to people it is all in the finder of the penny. If the person who finds a penny believes that it will bring them good luck then it will be ("The Lucky Penny”).
     
    Brackman, Crystal. "Why Is Finding a Penny Good Luck?" WiseGEEK: Clear Answers for Common Questions. 26 June 2011. Web. 20 July 2011. .
    "The Lucky Penny”. Featured Articles | ScienceWriters (www.nasw.org). 2007. Web. 20 July 2011. .

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  16. Amanda, I remember reading about the man and his donkey, but when I read Little Women the story did not ring any bells. After reading your post I remember it clearly. It is a very true quote. I do not think anyone should try and please everyone. Jo should never have cut so much out of her book, it just made her sad. The only one that the story should have satisfied should have been Jo herself. If she felt the story was good, and it was finished she should not have listened to her family. Family is the toughest judge.

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  17. Christine, that is a really interesting story behind the popular saying. It not only brings light to Jo's situation, but also to our everyday lives when we use this saying. I totally agree with your last sentence; it all boils down to the person's inner desires. If you believe it to be true, then it must be true for yourself, otherwise it's just a fun little game people have passed down through generations!

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  18. Amanda, I had never heard that fable until reading that particular Little Women passage. I still didn’t know of its meaning until reading your post. I found it really interesting, especially the part where you discussed how it wasn’t ever intended for children but rather a statement of political and social criticism. It’s funny how one can just read that passage and completely pass over its real meaning. When I read that passage the first time I never really gave the fable much thought but after reading your post I realize that the meaning of that fable was pivotal in understanding Louisa May Alcott’s point. It served as a reference to a lesson passed down through generations.
    Bonnie Woods

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  19. Alexandria, Now more then ever I've found myself very drawn to this particular subject. I’ve recently been watching the series Downton Abbey which is set in this same time frame. One of the leading characters in the series is a young woman who is caught up in the debates for women’s rights. I find it so unbelievable that women just received the right to vote in the 1920s. When you think about it that’s not very long ago, to think of how far women have come in society in less than a 100 years. I find it remarkable that Louisa May Alcott is able to right about such strong female characters in a time when those independent behaviors were shunned by society.
    Bonnie Woods

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  20. Little Women Ch 27 page 251 “philosophical and metaphysical”
    Harvey Borchardt
    Alcott is using her character, Jo, to write a novel within a novel. This is autobiographical because in Little Women, Alcott uses her bully pulpit to expound a number of philosophical and metaphysical points. Though we don’t know much about Jo’s novel, we know it is a romance; it is characterized by dialogue that uses philosophy and metaphysics to develop the plot and actors in the novel. When Jo is ready to publish, she must edit severely in order to reduce the novel to a saleable level. She is also warned about dialogue that is maybe above her readers’ heads, the target audience being women looking for escapist fiction. Her sister Amy pleads for Jo to keep the philosophy and metaphysics and Jo does, citing her father’s influence and words of instruction in her youth.
    In the mid 19th century, the middle class of America through urbanization and specialization of tasks had finally reached the ability to discourse intelligently about subjects that were not mundane but addressed the issues of the age-old philosopher. A good definition of philosophy is:
    philosophy” - a search for a general understanding of values and reality by chiefly speculative rather than observational means http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/philosophy
    Alcott grew up with the stimulation of some of the major intellectuals in the Northeast, Thoreau among them. Her father was a philosopher that passed on several ideas that resonated strongly in young Louisa’s home schooling, one of these ideas was the Romanticist thinking that placed special emphasis on strong emotion as a source of aesthetic experience. Another philosophical genre was “metaphysics”, which concerned itself with the first causes of experience. She was aware of two major metaphysical phenomena, Transcendentalism and Spiritualism. The first was an ideal spiritual state that “transcends” the physical or empirical and can only be realized through intuition, without the doctrines of organized religion. The second is a belief that the soul inside the body lives on after death, can evolve or improve, can communicate, and can perceive the Infinite Spirit generally regarded as “God”.
    Since Alcott believed that death is not the end of existence, this makes it easier to accept death as an escape from insoluble problems, a belief system shared by many intellectual women of her time. She was an ardent abolitionist and feminist and today, some of her writing could be classified as “discursive construction” or how her characters are the way they are because of the way they are classified, as women seeking a satisfying profession for example even though that profession is open only to men. Diana Myers, in her article in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, was “ struck by the inextricability of metaphysical issues about the self” and how “traditional feminine social contributions [can] provide accounts of how women can overcome oppressive norms and practices.” (Myers)

    Meyers, Diana, "Feminist Perspectives on the Self", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2004 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL =< http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2004/entries/feminism-self/>.

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  21. Mary Cook
    ENGL 5633
    Dr. Strong
    July 21, 2011
    Annotation of “genius” and “burning” from Chapter 27: Literary Lessons
    Chapter 27 “genius took to burning” (Alcott 248)
    She said nothing of her plan at home, but fell to work next day, much to the disquiet of her mother, who always looked a little anxious when “genius took to burning”. The phrase within the context of the paragraph meant Marmee was referring that her daughter was a genius in art of writing and when writing she was engulfed in nothing but writing. In this session of writing, Jo attempted to write a story in new style to win the hundred-dollar prize the paper offering for sensational stories. The receiving of the money (letter especially) for this story demonstrated the fact she could earn a living writing. Self-confidence and gratification excelled within her.
    GENIUS (noun). The noun GENIUS has 5 senses: 1. someone who has exceptional intellectual ability and originality 2. Unusual mental ability 3. Someone who is dazzlingly skilled in any field
    4. Exceptional creative ability 5. A natural talent. Familiarity information: GENIUS used as a noun is common. Meaning: Exceptional creative ability Classified under: Nouns denoting cognitive processes and contents Synonyms: genius Hypernyms ("genius" is a kind of...): creative thinking; creativeness; creativity (the ability to create).GENIUS: related words searches: Meaning of intelligence, creativeness definition, natural endowment meaning. (Audio English Dictionary)
    BURNING (adjective): characterized by intense emotion. Meaning: Characterized by intense emotion. Synonyms: perfervid: impassioned; fiery; fervid; fervent; ardent; torrid; burning Context examples: ardent love / an ardent lover / a burning enthusiasm / a fervent desire to change society / a fervent admirer / fiery oratory / an impassioned appeal / a torrid love affair Similar: passionate (having or expressing strong emotions). (Audio English Dictionary)
    Louisa May Alcott: November 29, 1832 – March 6, 1888. Louisa spent her childhood in Boston and in Concord, Massachusetts, where her days were enlightened by visits to Ralph Waldo Emerson’s library, excursions into nature with Henry David Thoreau, and theatricals in the barn at "Hillside" (now Hawthorne’s "Wayside"). (Open Library)
    Works Cited
    http://www.audioenglish.net/dictionary/genius.htm
    http://www.audioenglish.net/dictionary/burning.htm
    http://openlibrary.org/authors/OL26680A/Louisa_May_Alcott
    Mary Cook

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  22. “Here the lecture began, but Jo heard very little of it, for while Professor Sands was prosing away about Belzoni, Cheops, scarabei, and hieroglyphics”

    Belzoni references Giovanni Belzoni. We know this because Jo is at a lecture about Egypt. He wrote the book Narrative of the Operations and Recent Discoveries within the pyramids, Temples, Tombs, and Excavations in Egypt and Nubia; and of a Journey To The Coast of the Red Sea , in Search of the Ancient Berenice; and Another to the Oasis of Jupiter Ammon in 1835, which is credited as being the first English research in Egyptology. This book details Belzoni’s travels through Egypt as well as his discoveries while there. He is sometimes referred to as The Great Belzoni. He was an explorer of Egyptian antiquities as well as an engineer. Belzoni gathered artifacts in Egypt and sent them to the British Museum. Belzoni was the first person to enter the innermost chambers of the pyramid of Khafre in Giza. He was also the first European to visit the oasis of Siwah. He is also credited with identifying the ruined city of Berenice on the Red Sea. He was an amateur archaeologist whose methods were destructive. Some say that he was one of the most remarkable men in the history of Archaeology. The discoveries made by Belzoni are credited with having laid the foundation for the scientific study of Egyptology.
    Autumn Kennedy

    Hayes, Bryan J. "Giovanni Belzoni Archeologist." Age of the Sage. 24 Oct. 2009. Web. 20 July 2011. .
    Belzoni, Giovanni Battista. Introduction. Narrative of the Operations and Recent Discoveries within the Pyramids, Temples, Tombs and Excavations in Egypt and Nubia: and of a Journey to the Coast of the Red Sea in Search of the Ancient Berenice and Another to the Oasis of Jupiter Ammon. Brussels: H. Remy, 1835. Print.

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  23. Christine I didn’t realize that the superstition about lucky pennies went back so far or that it was originally metals. I knew that ancient cultures used medallions to ward off the evil eye but I didn’t realize it was just any metal. I find it interesting that penny has replaced pin in the rhyme but it makes me wonder what other countries say. Some countries don’t have pennies. It may just be an American thing. I usually only pick up a penny if it is heads up because then it’s supposed to be good luck but if it’s tails up then I leave it alone because it is supposed to be bad luck.

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  24. Jacquetta I didn’t realize that the seaside retreats were so common in literature. I know that people have always thought that water holds curing powers as well as climate. The waters of Bath in England were supposedly healing waters even though it was just hot springs and people used to go to Italy because they thought that certain types of weather made them ill or well. I can understand how the sea could have some benefits to your health because as you said the people who go to the sea are more relaxed in clothing and in manner. I find it interesting that the sea can induce states of supreme harmony but then again the sound of the waves crashing on the shore as well as the smell usually make me relax.

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  25. Mary,
    I’m glad that you chose this quote to annotate because I was coming up with all of these different interpretations for it. When I first read it, I thought that it meant because Jo is so different and goes against societal norms, Marmee was worried that she would be “burned” or scorned by others for her passion for writing. Also, later in the book I think its Beth who asks her “does genius burn Jo?” In this context I thought Beth was asking Jo if it ever gets lonely or frustrating having ambitions, as a woman, that so many disapprove of.

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  26. Hilary Lane, your post about Spiritualism is really great! It is very interesting and makes me want to learn even more about the Fox sisters and what went on in that house; these ladies remind me of a 19th century trio of Madame Cleo’s. I also like how you compared the Alcott’s faith with Spiritualism and show the disparity between the two. When I read the book and saw the reference to Spiritualism my thinking did not go towards mediums and that area, but went more towards hippies and being spiritual v. being religious or organized religion, so I am really glad you clarified this for me.

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  27. Jaquetta: When I was reading, I hoped somebody would choose to annotate the “seaside” bit, and I’m really glad someone did. I think anybody who has read a few books set in the 1800s is familiar with the idea of retreating to the sea to improve health, but what I realized when I reread this part was that I had no idea why they went to the sea. I always feel healthier and more peaceful after a week at the beach (who doesn’t?), but I always attributed it to a psychological effect. However, what you say about the beach allowing for less restrictive clothing was really interesting to me. I would imagine anyone would feel better after a few weeks out of a corset! And of course, someone sick like Beth would certainly benefit from being sans corset and able to breathe a bit more easily (assuming Beth even wore a corset, of course).

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  28. Jaquetta,
    I loved your annotation over the medical trend to go to the seaside for the benefits to be found there. There have been studies of the value of fresh air, and it is no surprise that physicians of this both the Regency and Victorian era made a connection. I feel as though they may have lived closer to the earth in some ways. Of course during the Regency era I suppose it was more about the waters rather than the entire package. For instance, the many people who went to Bath to take the waters there, ranging from gout to indigestion. Confidentially I think it a good thing that the idea evolved into going to the seaside.
    Leila

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  29. Alexandria,

    Its so great that you chose this topic. I am currently enrolled in a Feminist Philosophy class and writing a research paper about the different schools of thought surrounding the rights of women. If anyone asked me I would say that I am a feminist. I have read some really controversial pieces lately though through my Feminist Philosophy class. It is still hard to believe that equal rights were not truly established until the 1960's and many would argue that we are still not there. I have found though through what I have read that it is clearly time to take the message of equal rights for women into underdeveloped countries where women have no rights whatsoever. I think we sometimes forget how lucky we are to live in America where we have the opportunity to get an education and choose who we marry. Then there is the issue of female genital mutilation that is taking place on a regular basis. The statistics there are just startling. Thanks for the great post!

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  30. Patricia
    (in response to the vortex post)
    I love the idea of being so absorbed by one's work that she is unable to crawl out of a vortex. I get that same feeling sometimes when I am writing. Usually when I am writing something for fun, I will lock myself away and focus only on my writing until my train of thought dries up. Perhaps from now on I should tell my children to find me when I am out of the vortex. I love the parallels that you drew between Jo March's vortex and the writing process of Alcott herself. Getting insight from her journals was a great idea. I can picture her staggering out of her vortex malnourished and mindboggled. It just proves that she was a born writer.
    Regina Walker

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  31. Comment for Jaquetta:

    You point out that a visit to the seaside allowed Victorians to remove their constricting clothing. What did they wear to the beach instead?

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  32. Leila, your point about people taking the waters of Bath made me think of William Wilberforce and the 2006 film about his life, Amazing Grace. In the film, Wilberforce is taken to Bath to cure his general malaise and antsiness; he's a bit like Nurse Trib in Hospital Sketches wanting "something to do." For him, this ends up becoming a mission to abolish the slave trade in England. I suppose Bath "cures" him in a way because it's there that he meets his wife.

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  33. Autumn, I think you may have had one of the most interesting quotes for this assignment. I had to go out and Google Belzoni, Cheops and scarabei. I imagine at the time, to someone like Alcott, the adventures of Belzoni would have feed her adventurous soul. I imagine that especially the romanticism that visions of Egypt would appeal to a young woman like Alcott. When I read that she was able to go to Europe and experience the world, I was secretly happy for her because the thirst to experience life seemed to be a reoccurring theme for her characters. Good job, I really enjoyed reading your thoughts.

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  34. Breanna

    It's more how the word "burning" is used than genius in the phrase that really gives the different thinking between individuals. We usually think fire when we use the word burning that is why is was important to put the adjective definition in my annotation. The other phrase “does genius burn Jo?” I took to say, was she burning herself out because of the way she does creative writing by hybernating rarely eating and probably not sleeping much then being ill afterwards.

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  35. Christine
    I've heard the story over and over a thousand of times and your right about the thinking of the finder. I feel I'm lucky to find the penny because I pick it up, put it in the penny bank and its contents are put into savings at the end of year. It is amazing how much I have at the end of the year. I will have to do some more research about the Gods sounds very interesting. Another saying of the penny "head ups ok to pick up, heads down beware". I wonder if Jo read about the luck of the penny or if it was one of those sayings that get passed from generation to generation like my others. I enjoyed your history of the penny superstition immensely.

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  36. Jaquetta
    I have always thought it was very interesting how people can relax and become healthier, physically and mentally, by the water. From the poor to the rich a week by the river, lake or ocean is the most enjoyable thing one can do and you don’t even have to get into the water to benefit from its healing. The gentle breeze coming off the water, listening to the waves or waves rocking the boat has a very calming affect on ones substance. For some unknown reason being near water also makes you hungry for good food (primarily fruit). All through the age’s water as been used for medicinal purposes, we have steam baths, salt baths, water therapy and more. On the sad side though, as much water we have in our bodies, as much healing water can do for us, we can become water logged within our bodies and die. The richness of the water by sea was enjoyable for Beth I wish it had done more for her.

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  37. To Autumn: You have touched upon one of my favorite topics: Egyptology. Until Napoleon Bonaparte conquered Egypt in 1812, the Ottoman Empire had not allowed Westerners to visit the ruins in and around Cairo because the Turks had vandalized them, and the Ottomans were radical racist against Christians. The pyramids for example had been covered with sheets of white marble on the outside which the Turks stripped off for Constantinople building projects. No westerner had penetrated Egypt for 600 years, so Egyptian Hieroglyphics were incomprehensible until the Rosetta Stone was discovered in 1848. Benzoni’s interest led to this discovery. Unfortunately, Benzoni could only guess at the significance of Cheops’s Great Pyramid.

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  38. There are so many old English expressions that have come down to us that we just don’t understand. The penny expression being good luck is very real when you know that wasn’t any coinage LARGER than a penny until about 1450 in England. Taxes were paid by the nobles in SILVER pennies and the lower classes relied on pins (literally small sharp pieces of steel), groats, ha’pennies (one of my favorites), and copper and iron pennies for specie. Finding a penny was like us finding a $20 bill. That’s good luck (unless you were the one to lose it). The expression, now seldom heard: “For two pins, I’d (do something radical)…” means exactly that. Those pins held clothing together.

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  39. To Amanda: I was fascinated by the post on Aesop and the Fables, but more fascinated by Alcott’s reference to The 1001 Nights because an expurgated translation of the Arabic had been made available in the 1840s. The idea that our “nursery tales” for our modern children don’t usually include Aesop and the Arabic folk tales from 1001 Nights are nowadays considered pretty bawdy, but the censored versions were quite good as far as children’s tales, so much so that Alcott discovered them in her youth. Very interesting.

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